Resolucion Nº 2009-0006 sobre competencias Civiles a Nivel Nacional TSJ Gaceta Oficial Nº 39.152

Gaceta Oficial Nº 39.152 del 2 de abril de 2009
Resolución Nº 2009-0006, mediante la cual se modifican a nivel nacional, las competencias de los Juzgados para conocer de los asuntos en materia Civil, Mercantil y Tránsito
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
TRIBUNAL SUPREMO DE JUSTICIA
SALA PLENA
CARACAS 18 DE MARZO DE 2009
198º y 150º
RESOLUCIÓN Nº 2009-0006
El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, en ejercicio de las atribuciones conferidas por el artículo 267 de la Constitución
de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en concordancia con las previstas en los artículos 1 y 20 in fine de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo,
CONSIDERANDO
Que la Constitución de
la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en sus artículos 26 y 257 prevén el acceso a los órganos de administración de justicia como mecanismo que garantiza la tutela judicial efectiva, con omisión de las formalidades no esenciales al proceso.
CONSIDERANDO
Que los Juzgados de Primera Instancia con competencia en lo Civil, Mercantil y del Tránsito en la República están experimentando un exceso de trabajo como consecuencia, entre otros aspectos, de la falta de revisión y ajuste de la competencia por la cuantía desde hace muchos años; por el conocimiento de los asuntos de Familia en los que no intervienen Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes; como consecuencia de la eliminación de los Juzgados de Parroquia, lo que incrementó su actuación como Juzgado de Alzada; y, muy especialmente, como consecuencia del gran número de asuntos de jurisdicción voluntaria y no contenciosa que les son requeridos, lo cual atenta contra la eficacia judicial, privando a los justiciables de la obtención de una verdadera tutela judicial efectiva que impone un Estado social de derecho y de justicia.
CONSIDERANDO
Que los Juzgados de Municipio, cuya cantidad se incrementó con ocasión de la supresión de los Juzgados de Parroquia, conocen de un número de asuntos que se han reducido considerablemente, evidenciándose en la actualidad un claro desequilibrio de la actividad jurisdiccional que desarrollan respecto a los Juzgados de Primera Instancia.
CONSIDERANDO
Que el artículo 12 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial establece que los tribunales de jurisdicción ordinaria tendrán competencia en todas las materias, a menos que la Ley disponga otra cosa, siendo tribunales de jurisdicción ordinaria, conforme al artículo 61 ejusdem, las Cortes de Apelaciones, los Tribunales Superiores, los Juzgados de Primera Instancia y los Juzgados de Municipio.
CONSIDERANDO
Que el artículo 11 de la Ley. Orgánica del Consejo de la Judicatura, en sus ordinales 10 y 11, cuyas funciones ejerce este Tribunal Supremo de Justicia según sentencia Nº 1586 del 12 de junio del 2003, emanada de su Sala Constitucional, dado que el artículo 267 de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela reserva al Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, la dirección, gobierno y administración del Poder Judicial, siendo de su competencia crear circuitos judiciales, tribunales ordinarios y especiales; suprimir los ya existentes cuando así se requiera, especializar o no su competencia y convertir los tribunales unipersonales en colegiados; así como, establecer y modificar la competencia de los tribunales en razón del territorio y de la cuantía, y la modificación de las cuantías previstas, en el Código de Procedimiento Civil.
CONSIDERANDO
Que conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 18, segundo aparte, de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, los recursos que se interpongan ante ésta, han de exceder de la suma de tres mil unidades tributarias (3.000 U.T.), lo cual ha generado una situación anómala dentro del sistema procesal venezolano, dado que, tradicionalmente, la cuantía de los Juzgados de Primera Instancia con competencia en lo Civil y Mercantil era la misma que daba acceso al recurso de casación civil, lo cual ha dejado de ser así, pues la competencia por la cuantía de estos últimos se mantiene todavía en una suma que sea superior a cinco mil bolívares (Bs. 5.000,00).
CONSIDERANDO
Que según las estadísticas disponibles, los Juzgados de Primera Instancia con competencia en lo Civil, Mercantil y Tránsito, cuya ubicación suele estar en las capitales de los estados, agotan buena parte de sus recursos disponibles atendiendo asuntos de jurisdicción voluntaria o no contenciosa, tales como inspecciones, notificaciones, evacuación de títulos supletorios, justificativos de perpetua memoria, títulos supletorios, rectificaciones de actas y partidas, solicitudes de divorcio o separaciones de cuerpo amigables, entre otros asuntos de semejante naturaleza.
CONSIDERANDO
Que la gran mayoría de estos asuntos de jurisdicción voluntaria o no contenciosa, constituyen un importante número de asuntos que afectan a los justiciables en las distintas zonas del país, quienes a pesar de tener un Juzgado de Municipio cerca en su localidad, deben trasladarse a las respectivas capitales para su evacuación, lo que afecta la eficiente administración de justicia y dificulta el derecho constitucional de los justiciables para acceder a la función jurisdiccional.
CONSIDERANDO
Que resulta impostergable la toma de medidas y ajustes que permitan redistribuir de manera más eficiente entre los jueces ordinarios la función jurisdiccional, garantizando el mayor acceso posible de los justiciables a la justicia, asegurando su eficacia y transparencia.
RESUELVE
Artículo 1.- Se modifican a nivel nacional, las competencias de los Juzgados para conocer de los asuntos en materia Civil, Mercantil y Tránsito, de la siguiente manera:
a) Los Juzgados de Municipio, categoría C en el escalafón judicial, conocerán en primera instancia de los asuntos contenciosos cuya cuantía no exceda de tres mil unidades tributarias (3.000 U.T.).
b) Los Juzgados de Primera Instancia, categoría B en el escalafón judicial, conocerán en primera instancia de los asuntos contenciosos cuya cuantía exceda las tres mil unidades tributarias (3.000 U.T.).
A los efectos de la determinación de la competencia por la cuantía, en todos los asuntos contenciosos cuyo valor sea apreciable en dinero, conste o no el valor de la demanda, los justiciables deberán expresar, además de las sumas en bolívares conforme al Código de Procedimiento Civil y demás leyes que regulen la materia, su equivalente en unidades tributarias (U.T.) al momento de la interposición del asunto.
Artículo 2.- Se tramitarán por el procedimiento breve las causas a que se refiere el artículo 881 del Código de Procedimiento Civil, y cualquier otra que se someta a este procedimiento, cuya cuantía no exceda de mil quinientas unidades tributarias (1.500 U.T.); asimismo, las cuantías que aparecen en los artículos 882 y 891 del mismo Código de Procedimiento Civil, respecto al procedimiento breve, expresadas en bolívares, se fijan en quinientas unidades tributarias (500 U.T.).
Artículo 3.- Los Juzgados de Municipio conocerá
n de forma exclusiva y excluyente de todos los asuntos de jurisdicción voluntaria o no contenciosa en materia civil, mercantil, familia sin que p articipen niños, niñas y adolescentes, según las reglas ordinarias de la competencia por el territorio, y en cualquier otro de semejante naturaleza. En consecuencia, quedan sin efecto las competencias designadas por textos normativos preconstitucionales. Quedando incólume las competencias que en materia de violencia contra la mujer tienen atribuida.
Artículo 4.- Las modificaciones aquí establecidas surtirán sus efectos a partir de su entrada en vigencia y no afectará el conocimiento ni el trámite de los asuntos en curso, sino tan sólo en los asuntos nuevos que se presenten con posterioridad a su entrada en vigencia.
Artículo 5.- La presente Resolución entrará en vigencia a partir de la fecha de su publicación en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.
Artículo 6.- Quedan sin efectos las competencias establecidas en el DECRETO PRESIDENCIAL Nº 1029 de fecha 17 de enero de 1996 y la RESOLUCIÓN DEL CONSEJO DE
LA JUDICATURA Nº 619 de fecha 30 de enero de 1996, así cualquier otra disposición que se encuentre en contravención con la presente Resolución.
Comuníquese y publíquese.
Dada, firmada y sellada en el Salón de Sesiones del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, en Caracas, a los dieciocho (18) días del mes de marzo de dos mil nueve. Años: 198º de
la Independencia y 150º de la Federación.
LA PRESIDENTA
ESTELLA MORALES LAMUÑO
EL PRIMER VICEPRESIDENTE
OMAR ALFREDO MORA DÍAZ
EL SEGUNDO VICEPRESIDENTE
LUIS ALFREDO SUCRE CUBA
DIRECTORES
EVELYN MARRERO ORTÍZ
YRIS ARMENIA PEÑA ESPINOZA
ELADIO RAMÓN APONTE APONTE
LOS MAGISTRADOS
FRANCISCO CARRASQUERO LÓPEZ
YOLANDA JAIMES GUERRERO
LUIS MARTÍNEZ HERNÁNDEZ
ISBELIA PÉREZ VELÁSQUEZ
DEYANIRA NIEVE BASTIDAS
JUAN RAFAEL PERDOMO
PEDRO RAFAEL RONDÓN HAAZ
LEVIS IGNACIO ZERPA
HADEL MOSTAFÁ PAOLINI
ANTONIO RAMÍREZ JIMÉNEZ
CARLOS ALFREDO OBERTO VÉLEZ
BLANCA ROSA MÁRMOL DE LEÓN
ALFONSO VALBUENA CORDERO
EMIRO GARCÍA ROSAS
RAFAEL ARÍSTIDES RÉNGIFO CAMACARO
FERNANDO RAMÓN VEGAS TORREALBA
JUAN JOSÉ NÚÑEZ CALDERÓN
LUIS ANTONIO ORTÍZ HERNÁNDEZ
HÉCTOR CORONADO FLORES
LUIS EDUARDO FRANCESCHI GUTIÉRREZ
CARMEN ELVIGIA PORRAS DEROA
MARCOS TULIO DUGARTE PADRÓN
CARMEN ZULETA DE MERCHÁN
MÍRIAM DEL VALLE MORANDY MIJARES
ARCADIO DELGADO ROSALES
LA SECRETARIA
OLGA M. DOS SANTOS P.Nota: Vigente el cambio de competencias civiles, mercantiles y de tránsito desde el 2 de abril de 2009.

U.S. officially enters recession

U.S. officially enters recession

The National Bureau of Economic Research has said the U.S. has been in a recession since December 2007, making official what most Americans have already believed about the state of their economy. The NBER is a private group of leading economists charged with dating the start and end of economic downturns.

The National Bureau of Economic Research said Monday that the U.S. has been in a recession since December 2007, making official what most Americans have already believed about the state of the economy .
The NBER is a private group of leading economists charged with dating the start and end of economic downturns. It typically takes a long time after the start of a recession to declare its start because of the need to look at final readings of various economic measures.
The NBER said that the deterioration in the labor market throughout 2008 was one key reason why it decided to state that the recession began last year.
Employers have trimmed payrolls by 1.2 million jobs in the first 10 months of this year. On Friday, economists are predicting the government will report a loss of another 325,000 jobs for November.
The NBER also looks at real personal income, industrial production as well as wholesale and retail sales. All those measures reached a peak between November 2007 and June 2008, the NBER said.
In addition, the NBER also considers the gross domestic product, which is the reading most typically associated with a recession in the general public.
Many people erroneously believe that a recession is defined by two consecutive quarters of economic activity declining. That has yet to take place during this recession.
This downturn longer than most
The NBER did not give any reasons or causes of the recession. But it is widely accepted that the housing downturn, which started in 2006, is a primary cause of the broader economic malaise.
The fall of housing prices from peak levels reached earlier this decade cut deeply into home building and home purchases. This also caused a sharp rise in mortgage foreclosures, which in turn resulted in losses of hundreds of billions of dollars among the nation's leading banks and a tightening of credit.
The current recession is one of the longest downturns since the Great Depression of the 1930's.
The last two recessions (1990-1991 and 2001) lasted eight months each, and only two of the 10 previous post-Depression downturns lasted as long as a full year, according to the NBER.
In a statement, White House Deputy Press Secretary Tony Fratto said that even though the recession is now official, it is more important to focus on the steps being taken to fix the economy.
"The most important things we can do for the economy right now are to return the financial and credit markets to normal, and to continue to make progress in housing, and that's where we'll continue to focus," he said. "Addressing these areas will do the most right now to return the economy to growth and job creation."
President-elect Obama's transition team did not have an immediate comment on the recession announcement. But other top Democrats said this is further proof of the need for another economic stimulus package, which Obama has advocated.
"With rising costs of living, rising unemployment, record foreclosures and depleted savings, we must do more to help families make ends meet," said Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid in a statement. "With the cooperation of our Republican colleagues, we intend to send a plan to the White House as soon as possible following President-elect Obama's inauguration next month."
How long will it go?
Nonetheless, several economists said the real concern is that there is no end in sight for the downturn.
Some suggested that the best case scenario for the economy is that it would reach bottom in the second quarter of 2009. And even if that happens, that would still make this recession the longest since the Great Depression.
Rich Yamarone, director of economic research at Argus Research, said the only good news for the economy is that some of the steps already taken by the government earlier this year could start to spur growth soon. For example, he said interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve, which started in September 2007, "should be working their magic any day now."
In February, Congress passed a $170 billion tax rebate meant to stimulate the economy. But that only boosted GDP during the second quarter.
The financial market and credit crisis worsened during this summer, prompting Congress, the Treasury Department and the Fed to pump trillions of dollars into the economy through a variety of programs, including a $700 billion bailout of banks and Wall Street firms and hundreds of billions of lending by the Fed to major companies and lenders.
But Lakshman Achuthan, managing director of Economic Cycle Research Institute, said that at this point, the only solution for the recession is time.
"All the hand waving and real cash that policymakers are throwing at the problem won't change the fact we're stuck in this nasty recession," he said. "The ultimate cure of a recession is letting it run its course."
Achuthan's research firm tracks weekly leading economic indicators that are supposed to signal a change in direction for the economy four or five months ahead of time. Those indicators are continuing to fall at a record pace.
Still, he said he's not worried about the current recession turning into a depression, as many Americans fear.
"Even with indicators in a tailspin, this still is only a very severe recession," he said. "There's lots of gloom, but we don't see doom."

Obama makes history

Obama makes history

SEXY PALIN ? Who is Sarah Palin?

SEXY PALIN ?

Who is Sarah Palin?

Sarah Palin, a former runner-up in the Miss Alaska beauty contest, burst on to the political scene in 2006 by becoming both the first female and youngest governor in Alaskan history at the age of 42.She had previously gained statewide attention as a gutsy maverick unafraid to speak truth after whistleblowing on ethical violations by state Republican Party leaders during her time on the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission.A "soccer-mom" type with telegenic appeal, Mrs Palin is a real life Miss Congeniality - she won the title in the Wasilla beauty pageant back in 1984.But the mother-of-five combines her homely air with a keen grasp of the issues and a formidable campaigning style.

strong social conservative and a staunch supporter of gun rights, she is hugely popular in Alaska - a poll published last month showed her approval rating at 80 per cent.Mrs Palin is strongly pro-life - typified, observers say, by the fact that her fifth child, born in April, has Down's Syndrome. The Palins also have teenage son, Track, and three young daughters, Bristol, Willow, and Piper.She also opposes same-sex marriage, but has often sympathised with the concerns of gay community about discrimination and has implemented legislation ensuring equal benefits for same-sex couples.After running her gubernatorial campaign on clean government, Mrs Palin has successfully pushed through an ethics Bill as well as shelving pork-barrel projects supported by fellow Republicans. She is a spending hawk, having slashed the state's construction budget by $237 million - the largest cuts in Alaskan history.After taking office, she followed through on a campaign promise to sell a Windward II jet purchased on state credit. Placing it on eBay three times, she eventually sold it to the highest bidder for $2.7 million.Mrs Palin's energy stance dovetails nicely with that of Mr McCain - promoting resource development while also taking steps to address climate change and environmental issues. She has recently announced plans to create a new sub-cabinet group of advisers, tasked with reducing greenhouse gas emissions within Alaska.However, Mrs Palin is not entirely free of scandal. She is currently under investigation by the state legislature for possible abuse of power surrounding the dismissal of the commissioner for public safety, Walter Moneghan. Mr Moneghan alleges that he was fired because he was reluctant to sack a state trooper who was involved in a bitter divorce and custody battle with her sister, Molly McCann. The governor is said to be co-operating with the investigation, which is being overseen by Democratic State Senator Hollis French.An Alaskan through and through, Mrs Palin grew up with a love of traditional outdoor pursuits. As a child she regularly got up before dawn to go moose-hunting with her father and is still a strong believer in gun ownership. She is a lifetime member of the National Rifle Association.Before entering politics she had a number of unconventional jobs including sports reporter and commercial fisherman, the latter alongside her husband Ted, who is a Yupik Innuit.

Jean Jacques Rousseau Biography

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Jean Jacques Rousseau , 1712-78, Swiss-French philosopher, author, political theorist, and composer.

Life and Works

Rousseau was born at Geneva, the son of a Calvinist watchmaker. His mother died shortly after his birth, his father abandoned him about a decade later, and his upbringing was haphazard. At 16 he set out on a wandering, irregular life that brought him into contact (c.1728) with Louise de Warens, who became his patron and later his lover. She arranged for his trip to Turin, where he became an unenthusiastic Roman Catholic convert. After serving as a footman in a powerful family, he left Turin and spent most of the next dozen years at Chambéry, Savoy, with his patron. In 1742 he went to Paris to make his fortune with a new system of musical notation, but the venture failed. Once in Paris, however, he became an intimate of the circle of Denis Diderot (to whose Encyclopédie Rousseau contributed music articles), Melchior Grimm , and Mme d' Épinay . At this time also began his liaison with Thérèse Le Vasseur, a semiliterate servant who became his common-law wife. In 1749, Rousseau won first prize in a contest, held by the Academy of Dijon, on the question: "Has the progress of the sciences and arts contributed to the corruption or to the improvement of human conduct?" Rousseau took the negative stand, contending that humanity was good by nature and had been fully corrupted by civilization. His essay made him both famous and controversial. Although it is still widely believed that all of Rousseau's philosophy was based on his call for a return to nature, this view is an oversimplification, caused by the excessive importance attached to this first essay. A second philosophical essay, Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité des hommes (1754), is one of Rousseau's most mature and daring productions. After its publication, Rousseau returned to Geneva, reverted to Protestantism in order to regain his citizenship, and returned to Paris with the title "citizen of Geneva." Mme d'Épinay lent him a cottage, the Hermitage, on her estate at Montmorency. But Rousseau began to quarrel with Mme d'Épinay, Diderot, and Grimm, all of whom he accused of complicity in a sordid plot against him, and left the Hermitage to become the guest of the tolerant duc de Luxembourg, whose château was also at Montmorency. There he finished his novel, Julie, ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761), written in part under the influence of his love for Mme d'Houdetot, the sister-in-law of Mme d'Épinay; his Lettre à d'Alembert sur les spectacles (1758), a diatribe against the suggestion that Geneva would be better off for having a theater; his Du contrat social (1762); and his Émile (1762), which offended both the French and Genevan ecclesiastic authorities and was burned at Paris and at Geneva. Rousseau, with the connivance of highly placed friends, escaped, however, to the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel, then a Prussian possession. His house was stoned, and Rousseau fled once more, this time to the canton of Bern, settling on the small island of Saint-Pierre, in the Lake of Biel. In 1765 he was expelled from Bern and accepted the invitation of David Hume to live at his house in England; there he began to write the first part of his Confessions, but after a year he quarreled violently with Hume, whom he believed to be in league with Diderot and Grimm, and returned to France (1767). His suspicion of people deepened and became a persecution mania. After wandering through the provinces, he finally settled (1770) at Paris, where he lived in a garret and copied music. The French authorities left him undisturbed, while curious foreigners flocked to see the famous man and be insulted by him. At the same time he went from salon to salon, reading his Confessions aloud. In his last years he began Rêveries du promeneur solitaire, descriptions of nature and his feeling about it, which was unfinished at the time of his death. Shortly before his death Rousseau moved to the house of a protector at Ermenonville, near Paris, where he died. In 1794 his remains were transferred to the Panthéon in Paris.

Rousseau's Thought

Few people have equaled Rousseau's influence in politics, literature, and education. His political thought is contained in Du contrat social, but it must be supplemented by other works, notably the Discours sur l'origine de l'inégalité and his drafts of constitutions for Corsica and for Poland. Rousseau is fundamentally a moralist rather than a metaphysician. As a moralist, he is also, unavoidably, a political theorist. His thought begins with the assumption that we are by nature good, and with the observation that in society we are not good. The fall of humanity was, for Rousseau, a social occurrence. "But human nature does not go backward, and we never return to the times of innocence and equality, when we have once departed from them." Although he locates the cause of our deformity in society, Rousseau is not a primitivist. In Émile and Du contrat social, he proposed, on an individual and a social level, what might be done. What was new and important about his educational philosophy, as outlined in Émile, was its rejection of the traditional ideal: education was not seen to be the imparting of all things to be known to the uncouth child; rather it was seen as the "drawing out" of what is already there, the fostering of what is native. Rousseau's educational proposal is highly artificial, the process is carefully timed and controlled, but with the end of allowing the free development of human potential. Similarly, with regard to the social order, Rousseau's aim is freedom, which again does not involve a retreat to primitivism but perfect submission of the individual to what he termed the general will. The general will is what rational people would choose for the common good. Freedom, then, is obedience to a self-imposed law of reason, self-imposed because imposed by the natural laws of humanity's being. The purpose of civil law and government, of whatever form, is to bring about a coincidence of the general will and the wishes of the people. Society gives government its sovereignty when it forms the social contract to achieve liberty and well-being as a group. While this sovereignty may be delegated in various ways (as in a monarchy, a republic, or a democracy) it cannot be transferred and resides ultimately with society as a whole, with the people, who can withdraw it when necessary. Rousseau's political philosophy assumes that there really is a common good, and that the general will is not merely an ideal, but can, under the right conditions, be actual. And it is under such conditions, with the rule of the general will, that Rousseau sees our full development taking place, when "the advantages of a state of nature would be combined with the advantages of social life." Because he had such faith in the existence of the common good and the rightness of the general will, Rousseau was extreme in the sanctions he was willing to allow for its achievement: "If anyone, after publicly recognizing these dogmas, behaves as if he does not believe them, let him be punished by death: He has committed the worst of all crimes, that of lying before the law." Finally, Rousseau advocates a civil religion. Rousseau's thought sometimes rings of Calvinist Geneva, even though he reacted against its vision of humanity and had his books burned by its ecclesiastic authorities. In its time his epistolary novel Héloïse was immensely popular, but it is scarcely read today, while the Confessions remains widely read. Proposing to describe not only his life, but also his innermost thought and feelings, hiding nothing be it ever so shameful, Rousseau followed the model of St. Augustine 's Confession, but he created a new, intensely personal style of autobiography. The Héloïse, Émile, the Confessions, and the Rêveries all transfer to the domain of literature Rousseau's longing for a closeness with nature. His sensitive awareness apprehended the subtle influences of landscape, trees, water, birds, and other aspects of nature on the shifting state of the human soul. Rousseau was the father of Romantic sensibility; the trend existed before him, but he was the first to give it full expression. Rousseau's style, in all his writings, is always personal, sometimes bizarre, sometimes rhetorical, sometimes bitterly sarcastic, sometimes deliberately plebeian, and often animated by a tender and musical quality unequaled in French prose. Although self-taught, he possessed a thorough knowledge of musical theory, but his compositions exerted no direct influence on music.

Rousseau's influence

On posterity has been equaled by only a few, and it is by no means spent. His influence on German and English romanticism —and thus, indirectly, on romanticism in general—is difficult to overestimate. In addition, men as diverse as Immanuel Kant , Johann Goethe , Maximilien de Robespierre , Johann Pestalozzi , and Leo Tolstoy have been his disciples. His doctrine of popular sovereignty had a profound impact on French revolutionary thought. Although he did not advocate collective ownership, his ideas also had their effect on socialist thought. It is probably more correct to say that he anticipated rather than influenced many insights of modern social psychology.

Bibliography See biographies by F. C. Green (1955, repr. 1970), J. Guéhenno (2 vol., tr. 1966), L. G. Crocker (2 vol., 1968-73), and L. Damrosch (2005); I. Babbitt, Rousseau and Romanticism (2d ed. 1947, repr. 1965); E. Cassirer, The Question of Jean Jacques Rousseau (tr. 1963); A. Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State (2d ed. 1964); J. MacDonald, Rousseau and the French Revolution, 1762-1791 (1965); W. Blanchard, Rousseau and the Spirit of Revolt (1967); R. D. Masters, Political Philosophy of Rousseau (1968); J. Maritain, Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau (1970); R. Grimsley, The Philosophy of Rousseau (1973).

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Ths Law and Facts, hosted by Professor of Law Alexander Racini ( this film dedicated to France) Jean Jacques Rousseau

What is the Philosophy?

What is the Philosophy?

philosophy [Gr.,=love of wisdom], study of the ultimate reality, causes, and principles underlying being and thinking. It has many aspects and different manifestations according to the problems involved and the method of approach and emphasis used by the individual philosopher. This article deals with the nature and development of Western philosophical thought. Eastern philosophy, while founded in religion, contains rigorously developed systems; for these, see Buddhism ; Confucianism ; Hinduism ; Islam ; Jainism ; Shinto ; Taoism ; Vedanta ; and related articles.

Distinguishing Characteristics

This search for truth began, in the Western world, when the Greeks first established (c.600 BC) inquiry independent of theological creeds. Philosophy is distinguished from theology in that philosophy rejects dogma and deals with speculation rather than faith. Philosophy differs from science in that both the natural and the social sciences base their theories wholly on established fact, whereas philosophy also covers areas of inquiry where no facts as such are available. Originally, science as such did not exist and philosophy covered the entire field, but as facts became available and tentative certainties emerged, the sciences broke away from metaphysical speculation to pursue their different aims. Thus physics was once in the realm of philosophy, and it was only in the early 20th cent. that psychology was established as a science apart from philosophy. However, many of the greatest philosophers were also scientists, and philosophy still considers the methods (as opposed to the materials) of science as its province.

Branches

Philosophy is traditionally divided into several branches. Metaphysics inquires into the nature and ultimate significance of the universe. Logic is concerned with the laws of valid reasoning. Epistemology investigates the nature of knowledge and the process of knowing. Ethics deals with problems of right conduct. Aesthetics attempts to determine the nature of beauty and the criteria of artistic judgment. Within metaphysics a division is made according to fundamental principles. The three major positions are idealism, which maintains that what is real is in the form of thought rather than matter; materialism, which considers matter and the motion of matter as the universal reality; and dualism, which gives thought and matter equal status. Naturalism and positivism are forms of materialism.

The History of Philosophy

Historically, philosophy falls into three large periods: classical (Greek and Roman) philosophy, which was concerned with the ultimate nature of reality and the problem of virtue in a political context; medieval philosophy, which in the West is virtually inseparable from early Christian thought; and, beginning with the Renaissance, modern philosophy, whose main direction has been epistemology.

Classical Philosophy

The first Greek philosophers, the Milesian school in the early 6th cent. BC, consisting of Thales , Anaximander , and Anaximenes , were concerned with finding the one natural element underlying all nature and being. They were followed by Heraclitus , Pythagoras , Parmenides , Leucippus , Empedocles , Anaxagoras , and Democritus , who took divergent paths in exploring the same problem. Socrates was the first to inquire also into social and political problems and was the first to use the dialectical method. His speculations were carried on by his pupil Plato , and by Plato's pupil Aristotle , at the Academy in Athens. Roman philosophy was based mainly on the later schools of Greek philosophy, such as the Sophists , the Cynics , Stoicism , and epicureanism . In late antiquity, Neoplatonism , chiefly represented by Plotinus , became the leading philosophical movement and profoundly affected the early development of Christian theology. Arab thinkers, notably Avicenna and Averroës , preserved Greek philosophy, especially Aristotelianism, during the period when these teachings were forgotten in Europe.

The Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century

Scholasticism, the high achievement of medieval philosophy, was based on Aristotelian principles. St. Thomas Aquinas was the foremost of the schoolmen, just as St. Augustine was the earlier spokesman for the church of pure belief. The Renaissance , with its new physics, astronomy, and humanism, revolutionized philosophic thought. René Descartes is considered the founder of modern philosophy because of his attempt to give the new science a philosophic basis. The other great rationalist systems of the 17th cent., especially those of Baruch Spinoza and G. W. von Leibniz , were developed in response to problems raised by Cartesian philosophy and the new science. In England empiricism prevailed in the work of Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , and David Hume , as well as that of George Berkeley , who was the outstanding idealist. The philosophy of Immanuel Kant achieved a synthesis of the rationalist and empiricist traditions and was in turn developed in the direction of idealism by J. G. Fichte , F. W. J. von Schelling , and G. W. F. Hegel . The romantic movement of the 18th cent. had its beginnings in the philosophy of J. J. Rousseau ; its adherents of the 19th cent. included Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche , as well as the American transcendentalists represented by Ralph Waldo Emerson . Opposed to the romanticists was the dialectical materialism of Karl Marx . The evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin profoundly affected mid-19th-century thought. Ethical philosophy culminated in England in the utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill and in France in the positivism of Auguste Comte . Pragmatism , the first essentially American philosophical movement, was founded at the end of the 19th cent. by C. S. Peirce and was later elaborated by William James and John Dewey .

The Twentieth Century

The transition to 20th-century philosophy essentially came with Henri Bergson . The century has often seen a great disparity in orientation between Continental and Anglo-American thinkers. In France and Germany, major philosophical movements have been the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and the existentialism of Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre . Positivism and science have come under the scrutiny of Jürgen Habermas of the Frankfurt School ; he has argued that they are driven by hidden interests. Structuralism , a powerful intellectual movement throughout the first half of the 20th cent., defined language and social systems in terms of the relationships among their elements. Beginning in the 1960s arguments against all of Western metaphysics were marshaled by poststructuralists; among the most influential has been Jacques Derrida , a wide-ranging philosopher who has pursued deconstruction , a program that seeks to identify metaphysical assumptions in literature and psychology as well as philosophy. Both structuralism and poststructuralism originated mostly in France but soon came to influence thinkers throughout the West, especially in Germany and the United States. Major concerns in American and British philosophy in the 20th cent. have included formal logic, the philosophy of science , and epistemology. Leading early figures included G. E. Moore , Bertrand Russell , and Ludwig Wittgenstein ; Anglo-American philosophy was later exemplified by logical positivists like Rudolph Carnap . In their close attention to problems of language, the logical positivists, influenced by Wittgenstein, in turn influenced the work of W. V. O. Quine and others in the philosophy of language. Later Anglo-American philosophers turned increasingly toward ethics and political philosophy, as in John Rawls ' work on the problem of justice.

Bibliography See W. Windelband, A History of Philosophy (2d ed. 1901, repr. 1968); B. Russell, A History of Western Philosophy (rev. ed. 1961); W. K. C. Guthrie, A History of Greek Philosophy (3 vol., 1962-69); A. H. Armstrong, ed., The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (1966); J. Passmore, A Hundred Years of Philosophy (2d ed. 1966) and Recent Philosophers (1985); A. Wedberg, A History of Philosophy (3 vol., 1982-84); F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy (9 vol., 1985); D. W. Hamlyn, A History of Western Philosophy (1987); R. Scruton, Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey (1995); E. Craig, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998); P. Hadot, What is Ancient Philosophy (tr. 2002).Author not available, PHILOSOPHY., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008

What is the Philosophy of Science?

Philosophy of science:

Branch of philosophy that emerged as an autonomous discipline in the 19th cent., especially through the work of Auguste Comte , J. S. Mill , and William Whewell. Several of the issues in philosophy of science concern science in general. David Hume raised a problem of induction , namely that of the grounds people have for believing that past generalizations, i.e., scientific laws, will be valid in the future. Sir Karl Popper and Nelson Goodman have made influential contributions to issues concerning induction in science. Another issue centers around the relations of scientific theories to the interpretation of the world. An additional general issue concerns the way science develops. Contemporary philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn have denied the thesis of the logical positivists (see logical positivism ) that scientists choose between competing theories in a purely rational fashion, i.e., by appealing to theory-neutral observations. The philosophy of science also focuses on issues raised by the relations between individual sciences and by individual sciences themselves. An example of the former is the issue of whether the laws of one science, e.g., biology, can be reduced to those of a supposedly more fundamental one, e.g., physics. An example of the latter sort of issue is that of the implications of quantum mechanics for our understanding of causality . Bibliography: See R. Boyd et al., ed., The Philosophy of Science (1991).

Lista de alumnos del Profesor Alexander Racini ( Área de Postgrado) Universidad Bicentenaria de Aragua UBA

Lista de alumnos del Profesor Alexander Racini ( Área de Postgrado)

Universidad Bicentenaria de Aragua (UBA)
Departamento de Control de Estudios de Postgrado

MAESTRÍA: Derecho Procesal Civil
Asignatura: Procedimiento Ordinario
Año: 1999
Profesor: Alexánder Racini


Cédula, Apellidos y Nombres del Alumno:

343.075 MARCOS A. TABARES M.
345.283 YUVANNINA ESAA B.
1.745.250 MIZRAHI LEVY EZRA
1.970.248 ARMILO BARRIOS GARCIA
2.475.923 CARMEN E. PEREZ E.
2.829.944 ODILIA PROSPERT
3.281.150 FREDDY TABARES
3.840.988 ANA CRISTINA ICIARTE
3.850.124 TERESA VARGAS
4.225.918 ANA TORTOLERO VELASQUEZ
4.228.495 GLADYS GUADALUPE GIRON DIAZ
4.255.482 LUZMILA PEÑA DE BORGES
4.392.480 NELLY GONZALEZ
4.520.143 PEDRO MIGUEL ALCALA
4.612.194 ANDRES E. HERRERA
5.265.879 JUANA ISABEL VELIZ DE CALDERON
5.376.336 FERDINANDO TOMMASO
6.020.819 ROSA MARIA SARDINHA PITA
6.121.799 CORUJO MARIA
7.249.486 YULIMAR NOHEMY ROCCA ANDARCIA
7.260.116 LOREDANA TUFANO
8.564.478 DIOGENES MALAVE J.
8.585.923 JESUS FERMIN MAMBIE DELEAUD
8.729.407 ZORAIMA PEREZ CASTILLO
8.789.123 AXA ZEIDEN LOPEZ
8.828.326 AMALE RASSY DE MORA
9.589.368 JORGE L. PINO P.
9.640.320 NINOSKA MIZRAHI DE ROSSI
9.649.663 NORELIS ELIZABETH MALUENGA GOMEZ
9.663.300 FRANCIS BARRIOS A.
10.494 312 YELIBETH TRINIDAD JARAMILLO MANZOL
10.753.737 DIABEL MENDOZA
11.240.774 PIERINA SILVA
11.754.382 OMAR ALFONSO SUAREZ

Vínculo: http://alexanderracini2.blogspot.com/

Roman Law ( Roman Empire )

Roman law ( Roman Empire )

Roman law the legal system of Rome from the supposed founding of the city in 753 BC to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in AD 1453; it was later adopted as the basis of modern civil law . Most authorities, however, disregard the largely static period following the reign of Justinian I (527-65).

Early Roman Law

Roman law in the earliest period known is typically expressed in the Twelve Tables with their marked formalism. The usual early procedure was also stereotyped; it was the legis actio, a form of charge and denial the words of which had to be followed exactly by the parties at the risk of losing the suit. Exact knowledge of the words constituting the legis actiones was limited to a body of patrician priests, the College of Pontiffs. The reduction of these forms to writing (c.250 BC) was a victory for the plebeians and a step in reducing the religious and formal element in the law. Soon the primary source of law became the lex (plural leges ), a statutory enactment that was proposed by a magistrate and accepted by a popular assembly. Among the assemblies empowered to enact leges was that of the plebeians.

Expansion and Development

In the late 3d cent. BC, Roman law could no longer limit itself to the inhabitants of the republic but was forced to take account of the surrounding non-Roman peoples. Thus, to the jus civile, which governed relations among the Romans and those admitted to Roman status, was added the jus gentium, the law applied in dealings with a foreigner. The jus gentium incorporated much of the highly developed commercial law of the Greek city-states and of other maritime powers. Such provisions, being better adapted to Rome's expanding economic needs than the unyielding provisions of the jus civile, in time tended to be applied universally. The development of new principles was especially vigorous after c.100 BC, an important source being the jus honorarium, i.e., the law of the praetors (chief magistrates). On assuming office the praetor announced the principles, sometimes novel, that would govern his decisions. The praetors also contributed greatly to making practice more flexible. In place of the legis actiones, they often used the formulary system. A formula, like a legis actio, was a device for determining the issue between the parties; but instead of being a mere interchange of prescribed speeches, it provided a structure for discussing the actual dispute. Whichever method was used, when the nature of the dispute was agreed upon, the parties brought their case before the judex, a private functionary, who considered the evidence and gave judgment.

Under the Empire

After the establishment of the empire, the development of law largely passed from the praetors (the practice of issuing new edicts ended c.AD 125) and from the popular assemblies into the hands of the emperors, sometimes operating through the senate. Various types of imperial enactments called constitutions were issued in abundance. Legal problems attained great complexity, and the aid of a specially trained class of scholars was enlisted for their solution. Those jurists with a special license from the emperor could write responsa to guide the judges in deciding cases. Most prominent among the jurists was Papinian ; his work, with that of Gaius , Modestinus , Paulus , and Ulpian , attained the highest authority. The employment of jurists was a step in making the whole of Roman procedure official; in this process the institution of judex was abolished and the trial placed entirely in the hands of a judge. By the early 4th cent. most branches of Roman law were fully developed. The system was generally responsive to legal needs and allowed sufficient variety to meet local customs. A grave disadvantage of the system, however, was that the vast corpus of legal matter included much that was confused, contradictory, or redundant; reduction to code form was required. The Theodosian Code (438), the earliest attempt, was followed by the Breviary of Alaric (506). Finally the task was accomplished with the culminating work of Roman legal scholarship, the Corpus Juris Civilis (completed 535) under the direction of Tribonian .

Continuing Influence

After the mid-6th cent., Roman law persisted as a part of the Germanic laws and was in effect in the Byzantine Empire . Revival of classical studies during the Renaissance prepared the way for the partial resurrection of Roman law as the modern civil law in a large part of the world. The jus gentium is perhaps the most widely represented in modern legal systems, for it is the basis of commercial law even in those countries that follow common law .

Bibliography

See W. W. Buckland, A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian (3d ed. 1964); H. J. Wolff, Roman Law (1976); T. Honore, Emperors and Lawyers (1982); J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome (1984); D. Earl, The Moral and Political Traditions of Rome (1984); B. W. Frier, The Rise of the Roman Jurists (1985).Author not available, ROMAN LAW., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press

MÉTODO DE APRENDIZAJE : Programación Neurolingüística Jurídica Musical Dr. Alexánder Racini .

MÉTODO DE APRENDIZAJE : Programación Neurolingüística Jurídica Musical Dr. Alexánder Racini .

SE ESTARÁ IMPARTIENDO ESTA CONFERENCIA EN LA FECHA PAUTADA SOLO PARA LOS ALUMNOS Y AMIGOS DEL PROFESOR ALEXÁNDER RACINI

CAPÍTULO I : MEMORIA Y CAPÍTULO II : DESARROLLO DE LA INTELIGENCIA


Durante esta conferencia el Profesor Alexánder Racini desarrollará el CAPÍTULO I : MEMORIA Y CAPÍTULO II : DESARROLLO DE LA INTELIGENCIA que son los dos primeros capítulos de este Método de Aprendizaje y estará ejecutando algunas piezas musicales para piano clásico , si eres músico y ejecutas algún instrumento puedes llevarlo y participar en la parte musical de la Conferencia .


Lugar : Hotel Gran Meliá Caracas ( Ciudad Capital, Venezuela )

Fecha : Viernes 22 de agosto de 2008

CORREOS DE PRODUCCIÓN :

alexanderracini.spain@gmail.com , alexanderracini.newyork@gmail.com , gloriagoncalvez62@yahoo.es , lauravelasquezlegal@gmail.com , loshechosyelderecho@gmail.com , loshechosyelderecho.spain@gmail.com

loshechosyelderecho.newyork@gmail.com y loshechosyelderecho@hotmail.com



MÉTODO DE APRENDIZAJE : Programación Neurolingüística Jurídica Musical Dr. Alexánder Racini ( VIDEO ) :

Simón Bolívar Biography The Liberator of America

Simón Bolívar Biography The Liberator of America

Simón Bolívar Biography

Simón Bolívar , 1783-1830, South American revolutionary who led independence wars in the present nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Early Life and Setbacks Born of a wealthy creole family in Caracas, Venezuela, Bolívar was educated by tutors such as Andrés Bello and Simón Rodríguez, and was influenced by the writings of European rationalists such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. When the revolution against Spain broke out in 1810, he enthusiastically joined the rebel army, but in 1812, his forces were defeated at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. In bitter response, he joined the men who imprisoned the patriot leader, Francisco de Miranda . In July, 1812, following an armistice, Bolívar went to Cartagena and joined forces with Colombian patriot, Antonio Nariño .

He returned to win notable victories against the Spanish; in Aug., 1813, he entered Caracas and was given the title of "the liberator." In 1814, the Spanish recaptured Caracas and the revolutionaries were scattered by a royalist force under Pablo Morillo .

Bolívar escaped to Jamaica, where he wrote La Carta de Jamaica (The Letter from Jamaica), his inspired political document advocating republican government throughout Spanish America, modeled after Great Britain. The Liberator In the spring of 1816, with the backing of the small republic of Haiti, Bolívar launched an invasion of Venezuela. After a disastrous failure, he returned to Haiti. In 1817, he returned to his homeland to lead the revolutionary army. He recruited José Antonio Páez , who led an army of llaneros (plainsmen) and European veterans of the Napoleonic wars. Resuming the war, he occupied part of the lower Orinoco basin. At Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar ) a congress elected him president of Venezuela. There, in 1819, he conceived his brilliant strategy of attack. With a force—made up largely of llaneros under Francisco de Paula Santander and Páez—he crossed the flooded Apure valley, climbed the bitterly cold Andean passes, and defeated the surprised Spanish forces at Boyacá (Aug. 7, 1819) in one of the great campaigns of military history. The same year, he was made president of Greater Colombia (present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama).

Venezuela's freedom was secure following his victory at Carabobo (June, 1821). Ecuador was liberated when he and Antonio José de Sucre won the battle of Pichincha in May, 1822. In Quito, Bolívar met the woman who was to accompany him for much of his life, Manuela Saenz, herself a devoted revolutionary and progressive thinker. From Quito, Bolívar undertook to free Peru, where the forces of the great Argentine liberator José de San Martín were already operating. At Guayaquíl in July, 1822, Bolívar and San Martín met in secret. What occurred there is still unknown, although speculation continues to this day. The outcome was the withdrawal of San Martín. Bolívar commanded the patriot forces that won at Junín and Ayacucho in 1824, bringing to a victorious conclusion the revolution in South America. He organized the government of Peru, and dispatched Sucre to conquer Alto Perú, which became Bolivia. Disillusionment and Tribute In 1826, he furthered his vision of a united Spanish America by convening representatives of the new republics at Panama; although little was accomplished, it marked the beginning of Pan-Americanism. Separatist movements continued to undermine the union and there was much dissent against his power and his high-handed methods.

Bolívar barely escaped assassination by jumping from a high window and hiding with the help of Manuela Saenz. He could not halt the crumbling of Greater Colombia, and Venezuela and Ecuador seceded. In poor health and disillusioned ( "We have ploughed the sea," he said), he resigned the presidency in 1830. Shortly thereafter, he died of tuberculosis near Santa Marta. He died poor and bitterly hated, yet it was not long before South Americans began to pay tribute to the hero of their independence. Today, monumental statues of Bolívar adorn the central plazas of cities and towns throughout the Andean region.

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Francisco de Miranda Biography

Francisco de Miranda Biography

Francisco de Miranda , 1750-1816, Venezuelan revolutionist and adventurer. A hero of the struggle for independence from Spain, he is sometimes called the Precursor to distinguish him from Simón Bolívar , who completed the task of liberation. Before he championed the independence of the Spanish colonies, Miranda involved himself in a number of adventures. As an officer in the Spanish army he served under Bernardo de Gálvez in the Spanish attack on Pensacola (1781), when Spain was an ally of the rebels in the American Revolution. He later visited Philadelphia and Boston and met George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and other notables. He traveled widely in Europe, particularly in Russia, where he became a favorite of Catherine the Great. In France he fought in the French Revolutionary Wars; running afoul of the Jacobins he fled to England, where he was helped by William Pitt. Imbued with revolutionary ideas, Miranda sought foreign aid and led (1806) an unsuccessful expedition to the Venezuelan coast. After the start of the revolution in 1810, he returned to Venezuela and soon took a commanding position in the patriot forces. He was dictator for a short time, but after increasing misfortunes, including the loss of Puerto Cabello by Bolívar and a destructive earthquake in Caracas, he surrendered (1812) to the Spanish. Bolívar and other patriots, angered by his capitulation, seized him and turned him over to the Spanish who failed to honor the terms of surrender, deported him to Cádiz, and kept him in a dungeon for the rest of his life.

___________________________________________

OTHER BIOGRAPHY OF FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA

Francisco de Miranda
Encyclopedia of World Biography Date: 2004
Francisco de Miranda
Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) was a Latin American patriot who advocated independence of the Spanish colonies, and although he did not see the fulfillment of his dreams, he was willing to pay the price these efforts demanded.
Francisco de Miranda was born in Caracas on March 28, 1750, the son of a Spaniard from the Canary Islands. Early in life he entered the Spanish army and went to Madrid supplied with ample funds and letters of introduction. He bought a captaincy and began to keep the diary which in time became the nucleus of an immense archive. His military career was not fortunate. Accused of neglect of duty, he was eventually cleared and was sent to Cuba, where he again fell out with the authorities. In 1783 he left the Spanish service and fled to the United States.
Henceforth, Miranda was in open rebellion against the Spanish crown. Spurred by the example of the 13 colonies that had achieved independence from England, he aspired to set up an independent empire in Hispanic America. Among his friends in the United States were such men as Washington, Hamilton, and Thomas Paine. Constantly hounded by Spanish agents, he visited England, Prussia, Austria, Italy, Turkey, and Russia. Catherine the Great took a liking to him and allowed him to wear the Russian uniform and use a Russian passport.
In 1790 Spain and England disputed the rights to Nootka Sound, and Miranda hoped to convince the younger William Pitt that the time had come to set up an independent empire in Hispanic America where England might enjoy a trade monopoly. He was unsuccessful, but not discouraged, and offered his services to France. He fought in its wars, and his name was later inscribed at the Arch of Triumph, but France had as little use for his schemes as England. He survived imprisonment and the Terror and, in 1797, fled to England, where he found more encouragement for his projects. In 1806 he attempted to invade Venezuela, but the authorities had been forewarned and he was repulsed. Defeated but undaunted, he awaited his hour in London.
Two years later, rebellion in the Spanish Empire seemed to improve Miranda's chances. In 1810 he met the envoy of revolutionary Venezuela, Simón Bolívar, who had gone to Great Britain in an effort to win support for the colonies. Bolívar induced Miranda to return to his native country, and after 40 years of absence, the aging conspirator again set foot in his homeland. In the turmoil that swept Venezuela he was appointed commander in chief, but the challenge to lead a country in revolt and to organize an army from untrained civilians proved too much for him. Rather than plunge Venezuela into civil war, he concluded an armistice with the Spanish counterrevolutionary Monteverde. His officers suspected his motives and threw him into prison. The victorious Monteverde sent him to Spain, where in 1816 he died in Cadiz in the fortress of the Four Towers.
Miranda had both extraordinary gifts and great weaknesses in his private as well as in his public life. But his failures cannot obscure the fact that he was one of the first to raise the banner of liberty in Hispanic America, and though he did not reach his goal, he pointed the way. It is for this reason that he is called "El Precursor."

José Antonio Páez Biography

José Antonio Páez Biography

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Date: 2008
José Antonio Páez , 1790-1873, Venezuelan revolutionist, president, and caudillo. He boldly led (1810-19) a band of llaneros [plainsmen] in skillful guerrilla warfare against the Spanish, aided Simón Bolívar at the battle of Carabobo (1821), and drove (1823) the Spanish from their last Venezuelan stronghold at Puerto Cabello. He led the separatist movement that disrupted Bolívar's Colombian republic and was the first president of Venezuela (1831-35). A conservative oligarch and exponent of personalism, he served again (1839-43), dominating the nation until 1847. Páez commanded unsuccessful revolutions in 1848 and 1849 against José T. Monagas , his own choice for president, and was exiled (1850-58). He returned and in 1861 became supreme dictator. Two years later he again went into exile. He died in New York City.

Medical Malpractice Lawyers - Hospital Negligence Attorneys

Medical Malpractice Lawyers - Hospital Negligence Attorneys

Medical malpractice errors are responsible for 98,000 wrongful deaths each year. More people die from medical mistakes than from all car accident deaths. Some examples of medical mistakes are:
Failure to protect a patient from a fall or other injury on hospital property.
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Failure to manage a pregnancy or deliver a baby in a safe manner.
Failure to properly treat a patient's medical condition.
Misdiagnosis of a medical condition. Medicine is a complicated and varied field so it is impossible to provide a comprehensive list all of the types of malpractice claims. However, the leading types of malpractice claims include:
Wrongful death
Birth defects or injuries
Hospital, physician, and nursing negligence
Misdiagnosis
Nursing home injuries and elder abuse
Pharmaceutical errors

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Workers Compensation Lawyers / Work Injuries

Workers Compensation Lawyers / Work Injuries

Workers' compensation systems provide for financial compensation for work-related injuries of employees, in particular compensation of lost wages and sometimes also for medical costs. If your loved one has died in a work-related accident, there are often benefits available to you, the dependent, as well. On an average day, 153 workers lose their lives as a result of workplace injuries and illnesses, and another 15,600 are injured. That's one workplace death or injury every five seconds. The injured worker is often taken advantage of because they do not know their rights. Your employer may not tell you of all the rights you have and the insurance company is strictly concerned with minimizing the cost of your claim. This means you may not have all the available information regarding job retraining, overtime pay benefits, wage differential benefits, statute of limitations, notice requirements, repetitive traumas, maintenance payments when being retrained and settlements.

Civil Litigation/Workers Compensation Lawyers / Work Injuries
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